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Most textbooks consider the establishment of the Publicity Bureau in 1900 to be the founding of the public relations (PR) profession. However, academics have found early forms of public influence and communications management in ancient civilizations, during the settling of the New World and during the movement to abolish slavery in England. Basil Clark is considered the founder of public relations in the United Kingdom for his establishment of Editorial Services in 1924, though academic Noel Turnball believes PR was founded in Britain first by evangelicals and Victorian reformers. Propaganda was used by the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and others to rally for domestic support and demonize enemies during the World Wars, which led to more sophisticated commercial publicity efforts as public relations talent entered the private sector. Most historians believe public relations became established first in the US by Ivy Lee or Edward Bernays, then spread internationally. Many American companies with PR departments spread the practice to Europe when they created European subsidiaries as a result of the Marshall plan. The second half of the twentieth century is considered the professional development building era of public relations. Trade associations, PR news magazines, international PR agencies, and academic principles for the profession were established. In the early 2000s, press release services began offering social media press releases. The Cluetrain Manifesto, which predicted the impact of social media in 1999, was controversial in its time, but by 2006, the effect of social media and new internet technologies became broadly accepted. ==Ancient origins== Although the term "public relations" was not yet developed,〔 academics like James E. Grunig and Scott Cutlip identified early forms of public influence and communications management in ancient civilizations. According to Edward Bernays, one of the pioneers of PR, "The three main elements of public relations are practically as old as society: informing people, persuading people, or integrating people with people."〔〔 Scott Cutlip said historic events have been defined as PR retrospectively, "a decision with which many may quarrel." A clay tablet found in ancient Iraq that promoted more advanced agricultural techniques is sometimes considered the first known example of public relations.〔 Babylonian, Egyptian and Persian leaders created pyramids, obelisks and statues to promote their divine right to lead. Additionally, claims of magic or religious authority were used to persuade the public of a king or pharaoh's right to rule.〔 Ancient Greek philosophers such as Isocrates, Plato and Aristotle created early theories in rhetoric and persuasion. In Greece there were advocates for hire called "sophists". Plato and others said sophists were dishonest and misled the public, while the book "''Public Relations as Communication Management''" said they were "largely an ethical lot" that "used the principles of persuasive communication."〔 In Egypt court advisers consulted pharaohs to speak honestly and scribes documented a pharaoh's deeds. In Rome Julius Caesar wrote the first campaign biography promoting his military successes. He also commissioned newsletters and poems to support his political position.〔〔 In medieval Europe, craftsmen organized into guilds that managed their collective reputation. In England, Lord Chancellors acted as mediators between rulers and subjects. Pope Urban II's recruitment for the crusades is also sometimes referred to as a public relations effort.〔 Pope Gregory XV founded the term "propaganda" when he created ''Congregatio de Propaganda'' ("congregation for propagating the faith"), which used trained missionaries to spread Christianity.〔 The term did not carry negative connotations until it was associated with government publicity around World War II.〔 In the early 1200s, the Magna Carta was created as a result of Stephen Langton lobbying English barons to insist King John recognize the authority of the church. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of public relations」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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